Track market-moving stories before they get noisy

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Analyst: SK Hynix’s US listing and fund-raising could trigger a valuation re-rating.

According to Bloomberg, SK Hynix is set to issue American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) on the Nasdaq on July 10. The listing aims to raise nearly $30 billion, making it one of the largest ADR issuances in history. Market participants widely believe the move will significantly expand its global investor base and may drive a valuation re-rating. Multiple asset management firms project that if its valuation converges with Micron Technology’s, its share price could rise by 30% over the next year. One fund manager noted that SK Hynix should trade at a valuation at least on par with Micron, as demand for memory chips is likely to outpace supply for years to come. The listing comes amid an unusually strong boom in the memory chip sector. Shares of Micron, SK Hynix, and Samsung Electronics have all surged over 200% this year, marking their best annual performance in decades. Demand for High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) from AI servers is widely seen as the driver of a structural "memory supercycle".

7 minutes ago

Jefferies: Samsung is likely to follow SK Hynix’s example to list in the US via ADRs.

Jeff Kim, Head of Research at Jefferies, said Samsung is likely to follow SK Hynix in listing on the U.S. market via American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), which will boost the share price of the South Korean chipmaker whose valuation lags behind Micron. "Chip stocks are at a turning point. ADRs will serve as an important catalyst to drive their valuations," he added.

7 minutes ago

UBS and TD Cowen sharply raise Arm’s target price, betting on a revaluation of Arm’s AI data center CPU value.

Arm’s stock price pulled back this week alongside the high-valuation AI sector, though some Wall Street analysts say the correction does not alter the company’s long-term standing in AI data centers. UBS sharply raised Arm’s price target from $260 to $470, retaining its Buy rating; TD Cowen lifted its target from $265 to $475, also keeping a Buy recommendation. Both firms share the view that as agentic AI evolves, CPUs could gain greater importance in data center architectures, rather than GPUs continuing to monopolize the investment narrative. TD Cowen believes that over the long term, CPUs could hold a more strategic position in certain AI workloads. UBS, meanwhile, emphasizes that the real debate in the market centers on the revenue potential of Arm’s self-developed or independent CPU business. The bank projects Arm’s CPU-related revenue could reach around $14 billion by 2030, though the company itself has stated this business will not have a material impact on its finances until fiscal 2028. Arm’s strengths lie in low latency and energy efficiency—metrics that major cloud providers are increasingly prioritizing as they expand AI infrastructure. Even with its stock pulling back from recent highs in the short term, analysts still view Arm as one of the key beneficiaries of the server CPU upgrade cycle.

7 minutes ago

Crypto whale who profited over $23.77 million from BAT ICO liquidates 27,586 ETH

According to monitoring by Yu Jing, a whale that earned $23.77 million from participating in the BAT ICO sold 15,000 ETH (valued at roughly $24.29 million) two hours ago. The whale has now fully liquidated all 27,586 ETH it received from selling 35 million BAT on-chain over the past day and a half, converting the proceeds into 44.836 million USDS at an average selling price of $1,625.

7 minutes ago

Sources: Iraqi officials once considered withdrawing from OPEC, but current plans are to remain a member and pursue a higher quota.

A senior Iraqi oil ministry official said that if OPEC quotas are not significantly increased, Iraq will be forced to consider all available options. Sources said Iraqi officials had considered withdrawing from OPEC, but the current plan is to remain a member and push for higher quotas. (Jinshi)

7 minutes ago

Kepler Cheuvreux raises ASML’s European share price target from €1,460 to €1,830.

Kepler Cheuvreux has raised the target price for ASML’s European shares from €1,460 to €1,830.

7 minutes ago

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Analyst: SK Hynix’s US listing and fund-raising could trigger a valuation re-rating.

According to Bloomberg, SK Hynix is set to issue American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) on the Nasdaq on July 10. The listing aims to raise nearly $30 billion, making it one of the largest ADR issuances in history. Market participants widely believe the move will significantly expand its global investor base and may drive a valuation re-rating. Multiple asset management firms project that if its valuation converges with Micron Technology’s, its share price could rise by 30% over the next year. One fund manager noted that SK Hynix should trade at a valuation at least on par with Micron, as demand for memory chips is likely to outpace supply for years to come. The listing comes amid an unusually strong boom in the memory chip sector. Shares of Micron, SK Hynix, and Samsung Electronics have all surged over 200% this year, marking their best annual performance in decades. Demand for High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) from AI servers is widely seen as the driver of a structural "memory supercycle".

7 minutes ago

Jefferies: Samsung is likely to follow SK Hynix’s example to list in the US via ADRs.

Jeff Kim, Head of Research at Jefferies, said Samsung is likely to follow SK Hynix in listing on the U.S. market via American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), which will boost the share price of the South Korean chipmaker whose valuation lags behind Micron. "Chip stocks are at a turning point. ADRs will serve as an important catalyst to drive their valuations," he added.

7 minutes ago

UBS and TD Cowen sharply raise Arm’s target price, betting on a revaluation of Arm’s AI data center CPU value.

Arm’s stock price pulled back this week alongside the high-valuation AI sector, though some Wall Street analysts say the correction does not alter the company’s long-term standing in AI data centers. UBS sharply raised Arm’s price target from $260 to $470, retaining its Buy rating; TD Cowen lifted its target from $265 to $475, also keeping a Buy recommendation. Both firms share the view that as agentic AI evolves, CPUs could gain greater importance in data center architectures, rather than GPUs continuing to monopolize the investment narrative. TD Cowen believes that over the long term, CPUs could hold a more strategic position in certain AI workloads. UBS, meanwhile, emphasizes that the real debate in the market centers on the revenue potential of Arm’s self-developed or independent CPU business. The bank projects Arm’s CPU-related revenue could reach around $14 billion by 2030, though the company itself has stated this business will not have a material impact on its finances until fiscal 2028. Arm’s strengths lie in low latency and energy efficiency—metrics that major cloud providers are increasingly prioritizing as they expand AI infrastructure. Even with its stock pulling back from recent highs in the short term, analysts still view Arm as one of the key beneficiaries of the server CPU upgrade cycle.

7 minutes ago

Crypto whale who profited over $23.77 million from BAT ICO liquidates 27,586 ETH

According to monitoring by Yu Jing, a whale that earned $23.77 million from participating in the BAT ICO sold 15,000 ETH (valued at roughly $24.29 million) two hours ago. The whale has now fully liquidated all 27,586 ETH it received from selling 35 million BAT on-chain over the past day and a half, converting the proceeds into 44.836 million USDS at an average selling price of $1,625.

7 minutes ago

Sources: Iraqi officials once considered withdrawing from OPEC, but current plans are to remain a member and pursue a higher quota.

A senior Iraqi oil ministry official said that if OPEC quotas are not significantly increased, Iraq will be forced to consider all available options. Sources said Iraqi officials had considered withdrawing from OPEC, but the current plan is to remain a member and push for higher quotas. (Jinshi)

7 minutes ago

Kepler Cheuvreux raises ASML’s European share price target from €1,460 to €1,830.

Kepler Cheuvreux has raised the target price for ASML’s European shares from €1,460 to €1,830.

7 minutes ago

PANews reported on February 8th that @mil_itia, an active member of the Arweave ecosystem, stated on the X platform that since yesterday, Arweave has been displaying outdated block data, making it appear as if the chain has stopped generating blocks. However, Arweave is actually generating blocks normally, and all transactions are being processed correctly. The issue is that Viewblock's browser is using a local cache count instead of the actual network block height, and the team is contacting them to resolve this problem.

Previous reports indicated that the Arweave network had not produced a block for over 24 hours.

AI models need storage that can keep up. Most decentralized options were built before that mattered.

Key takeawaysFilecoin, Arweave, and 0G Storage each solve different problems. Filecoin optimizes for cost and capacity. Arweave optimizes for permanence. 0G optimizes for throughput and AI workloads.0G Storage achieves 30+ MB/s throughput in mainnet production, compared to Filecoin's ~45-second retrieval latency and Arweave's block-size-limited uploads.0G is the only decentralized storage protocol with native mutable data support through its dual-layer architecture (immutable Log Layer + mutable KV Layer).Cost depends on use case: Filecoin offers $0.19/TB/month for cold archival, Arweave charges ~$5-8/GB for permanent storage, and 0G runs at $11/TB/month for high-throughput Turbo storage.The choice is not which protocol is "best." It is which protocol fits the workload.The storage problem AI createdTraining a large language model produces hundreds of terabytes of data: model weights, gradient checkpoints, tokenized datasets, evaluation logs. Inference generates its own volume: prompt histories, output caches, retrieval-augmented generation indexes that update in real time.

This data does not sit still. It gets read, modified, versioned, and fed back into the next training run. It needs to move fast, and it needs to be accessible the moment a compute node asks for it.

Decentralized storage was not built for this. The first generation of protocols solved a different problem: how to store files without relying on Amazon or Google. They optimized for durability, cost, and censorship resistance. Those were the right goals in 2018.

But AI workloads in 2026 need something else. They need throughput measured in megabytes per second, not minutes per retrieval. They need mutable data stores that can handle key-value lookups alongside large sequential writes. And they need storage that talks to compute without an integration layer bolted on after the fact.

That gap between what AI demands and what decentralized storage provides is where this comparison starts.

Three approaches to decentralized storageArweave: pay once, store foreverArweave launched in 2018 with a simple premise: pay a one-time fee and your data stays on the network permanently. The protocol uses an endowment model where roughly 95% of the storage fee goes into a reserve fund that pays miners over time, covering storage costs for 200+ years based on conservative projections of declining hardware costs.

The total data stored on Arweave sits at roughly 347 TiB as of early 2026. The network processes about 105 transactions per second and handles around 33 GiB in daily uploads. Its consensus mechanism, SPoRA (Succinct Proofs of Random Access), rewards miners who can quickly access randomly selected historical data chunks, which keeps the network incentivized to maintain full copies of the weave.

Arweave is ideal for records that should never change: legal documents, scientific datasets, cultural archives, NFT metadata. Its compute layer, AO, launched on mainnet in February 2025 and adds parallel processing on top of the storage layer.

The trade-off is throughput. Arweave transactions are capped at 10 MiB each, and the network uploads roughly 33 GiB per day. For AI workloads that involve hundreds of gigabytes moving in and out of storage, this creates a bottleneck.

Filecoin: the storage marketplaceFilecoin, live since October 2020, built something different: an open marketplace where storage providers compete on price and clients choose where their data lives. The network has committed roughly 23 EiB of capacity across 3,600+ storage providers globally, with about 3.0 EiB of active storage and 36% utilization.

Filecoin's verification system uses two proofs: Proof of Replication (proving data was uniquely encoded) and Proof of Spacetime (proving it stayed stored over time). The F3 upgrade in April 2025 reduced block finality from 7.5 hours to minutes, a major improvement for applications that need faster confirmation.

At ~$0.19/TB per month, Filecoin offers some of the cheapest decentralized storage available. The Filecoin Virtual Machine (FVM) adds programmability, and the Filecoin Onchain Cloud (FOC) initiative is working toward verifiable compute services.

The limitation is latency. Filecoin was designed around sealed sectors of 32 or 64 GiB, and the sealing process takes roughly 1.5 hours. Retrieval depends on whether the storage provider keeps an unsealed copy of your data. If they do, retrieval can happen in seconds. If they don't, you're looking at hours. Average retrieval latency in North America sits at around 45 seconds. For real-time AI inference or high-frequency data access, that is too slow.

Three decentralized storage protocols: 0G, Filecoin, and Arweave0G Storage: built for AI workloads0G Storage launched with Aristotle Mainnet in September 2025 as part of 0G's modular AI infrastructure. It was designed from the start to handle the read/write patterns that AI systems produce.

The architecture has two layers. The Log Layer handles large, append-only data: model weights, training datasets, event streams. The KV Layer sits on top and provides mutable key-value storage with millisecond-level read/write latency for structured data like user profiles, application state, and real-time indexes.

In mainnet production, 0G Storage achieves 30+ MB/s throughput (engineering confirmed, March 2026). The system is architected for up to 50 Gbps in aggregate throughput as the network scales. Verification uses PoRA (Proof of Random Access), where storage nodes must prove they hold randomly selected data segments.

The pricing model runs at $11/TB per month on the Turbo tier. Unlike Filecoin's provider-specific marketplace pricing or Arweave's one-time permanent fee, 0G uses a flow-based system where storage requests go through on-chain smart contracts on an EVM-compatible Layer 1.

Enterprise clients are already discussing migration of multi-terabyte datasets to mainnet.

How they compareDimension0G StorageFilecoinArweaveDesign goalAI-native real-time storageGeneral-purpose decentralized storagePermanent immutable storageStorage typeMutable KV + Immutable LogContract-based sealed sectorsWrite-once, stored foreverThroughput30+ MB/s mainnet measuredRetrieval latency ~45s (NA avg)Limited by 10 MiB tx / ~33 GiB dailyCost$11/TB/month (Turbo)~$0.19/TB/month~$5-8/GB one-time permanentRedundancyUser-configurable backup count3-6 node fixed replicationNetwork-wide incentivized replicationData verificationPoRA random challengesPoRep + PoStSPoRA (Proof of Access)Mutable data✓ Native KV Layer support⚠ Adding via FVM✗ Immutable onlyAI workload integrationNative (Storage + Compute + Chain)Adding via FOCAdding via AOSources: 0G engineering (confirmed March 2026), Filecoin Starboard, Arweave ViewBlock, ArweaveFees, official documentation for each protocol.

Comparison table showing 0G Storage, Filecoin, and Arweave across 8 dimensionsChoosing the right toolThe comparison above does not have a single winner. Each protocol was built for a different job. Picking the right one depends on the workload.

Use CaseBest FitWhyCold archival, long-term backup, high-capacity storageFilecoin ($0.19/TB/month)Lowest recurring cost, flexible contract terms, 3,600+ global storage providersPermanent records, immutable archives, NFT metadataArweave (~$5-8/GB one-time)Pay once and never think about renewals. Data persists for 200+ yearsAI training data, real-time inference, high-throughput mutable data0G Storage ($11/TB/month)30+ MB/s measured throughput, native KV mutable storage, integrated with compute layerA research lab archiving a finished dataset might use Arweave for its permanence guarantee. A data warehouse storing petabytes of cold backups might choose Filecoin for cost efficiency. An AI pipeline that needs to read model weights, update inference caches, and write results back to storage in real time is a natural fit for 0G.

These are not competing tools. They cover different parts of the storage stack.

What makes 0G Storage differentFour properties separate 0G Storage from protocols built in the previous generation.

1. Dual-layer architecture

Most decentralized storage supports one data model: immutable files. 0G Storage supports two. The Log Layer handles large sequential data (model weights, logs, datasets) with append-only immutability. The KV Layer adds mutable key-value storage on top, enabling real-time queries and state updates without rewriting entire files.

This means a single storage system can hold both the static training data and the dynamic inference state for an AI application. No external database required.

2. Measured throughput

0G Storage delivers 30+ MB/s in mainnet production as confirmed by the engineering team in March 2026. The architecture is designed for up to 50 Gbps aggregate throughput as more nodes join the network. For context, Filecoin's average retrieval latency in North America is around 45 seconds, and Arweave's daily upload volume is roughly 33 GiB. The throughput gap matters most for AI workloads where storage is in the critical path between compute jobs.

3. Configurable redundancy

Filecoin locks data into 3-6 node replication. Arweave relies on network-wide incentives to ensure copies exist. 0G lets users choose their own backup count based on their needs. A public dataset might need minimal redundancy. A production AI model might need higher guarantees. The choice is yours.

4. AI-native integration

0G Storage is not a standalone service. It runs as part of a unified stack: 0G Chain (EVM-compatible Layer 1), 0G Compute (decentralized GPU marketplace), and 0G Storage. When a compute node needs model weights, it reads directly from storage on the same network. When inference results need to settle on-chain, the chain is right there. No bridging, no external API calls, no third-party integration layer.

Filecoin is adding compute capabilities through the Filecoin Onchain Cloud. Arweave has AO for parallel processing. Both are working toward similar goals, but those features are separate protocol additions rather than native parts of the storage architecture.

0G unified stack: Compute, Storage, and ChainWhat this enablesWith storage infrastructure that can handle AI-scale data at AI-scale speeds, the question shifts from "can we store this?" to "what can we build on top of it?"

Enterprise clients are already onboarding multi-terabyte datasets to 0G mainnet. The storage layer is one piece of a broader infrastructure that recently demonstrated a 107-billion parameter model trained across decentralized nodes using DiLoCoX with 357x better communication efficiency than traditional AllReduce.

Storage is the foundation. What gets built on that foundation is the next chapter.

Frequently asked questionsWhat is the main difference between 0G Storage, Filecoin, and Arweave?

Each protocol optimizes for a different priority. Filecoin optimizes for low-cost, large-scale archival storage. Arweave optimizes for permanent, immutable data preservation. 0G Storage optimizes for high-throughput, mutable storage designed around AI workload patterns.

Is 0G Storage trying to replace Filecoin or Arweave?

No. These protocols serve different use cases. Filecoin is well suited for cold storage and backups. Arweave is the right choice for data that must persist permanently. 0G fills a gap that neither covers: real-time, mutable, high-throughput storage for AI applications.

How does 0G Storage handle data verification?

0G uses Proof of Random Access (PoRA), where the network randomly challenges storage nodes to prove they hold specific data segments. Data is erasure-coded and distributed across nodes, and the network can tolerate up to 30% node failure while maintaining data availability.

What does "AI-native" mean in the context of storage?

It means the storage system was designed from the start to support AI workload patterns: high-throughput sequential reads (loading model weights), mutable key-value access (updating inference state), and direct integration with compute infrastructure (no separate bridging or API layer needed).

How mature is 0G Storage compared to Filecoin and Arweave?

Filecoin launched in October 2020 and Arweave launched in June 2018. 0G's Aristotle Mainnet went live in September 2025. While 0G is newer, its architecture was built with six years of lessons from earlier protocols. The network is in its early growth phase with enterprise clients actively onboarding data.

Explore 0G StorageRead the architecture deep-dive: 0G Storage: Built for the AI EraRun a storage node: Storage Node DocumentationStart building: 0G Storage SDKMonitor the network: StorageScanFollow @0G_labs for updatesThis article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice.

Sources:

0G Storage Documentation (architecture, PoRA, pricing)0G Storage: Built for the AI Era (architecture overview)Aristotle Mainnet Launch (CryptoSlate, September 2025)Filecoin Starboard Dashboard (network capacity, utilization)Filecoin Documentation (proofs, sealing, FVM)Filecoin F3 Upgrade (finality improvement)Arweave ViewBlock (weave size, TPS, daily uploads)ArweaveFees (real-time pricing)AO Mainnet Launch (The Block, February 2025)0G engineering team confirmations (throughput, cost, redundancy model; March 2026)

NGOs manage massive amounts of important information each day. This includes beneficiary records, field updates, donation reports, and distribution logs. In several cases, this data is stored in centralized systems, which can be vulnerable to corruption, loss, or limited transparency.

To enhance accountability and trust, many organizations are now exploring decentralized file storage systems such as InterPlanetary File System and Arweave. These systems store data across distributed networks rather than a single server.

In this post, you will understand how to integrate decentralized storage into NGO aid pipelines.

Key Takeaways IPFS and Arweave are decentralized storage solutions that can improve transparency and accountability in NGO aid operations. IPFS is best suited for storing and sharing frequently updated data, while Arweave is designed for permanent record storage. Decentralized file storage helps reduce the risks associated with centralized databases, including data loss and unauthorized modifications. NGOs can use decentralized file storage to improve donor trust, preserve important records, and strengthen aid tracking systems. What is Decentralized File Storage? (IPFS & Arweave Explained) This is a system where data is stored across many computer nodes, instead of one central server. Hence, the data becomes harder to manipulate, lose, or censor. 

IPFS is a peer-to-peer storage network that stores files with a system called content addressing. Rather than using a location-based link, IPFS uses a unique identifier called a Content Identifier. This means the file can be retrieved from any node that stores it. 

IPFS is mostly used for storing reports and media files, sharing documents, and temporary or frequently updated data. 

However, IPFS does not assure permanent storage unless the data is “pinned” by nodes.

In comparison, Arweave is a decentralized storage network designed for permanent data storage. When data is uploaded, it is stored permanently on the network with a pay-once model. 

Arweave is mostly used for public archives, long-term records, permanent audit trails, and historical humanitarian data. 

Why NGOs Need Decentralized Storage for Aid Pipelines NGOs require transparent and reliable systems to manage donor reporting, aid distribution, and beneficiary information. Traditional storage systems can sometimes fail, be altered, or become inaccessible over time. 

Here are the crucial reasons NGOs need decentralized storage in their aid pipelines:

1. Improved transparency for donors and stakeholders Decentralized file storage enables NGOs to store and share verifiable records that are challenging to manipulate or alter. This helps donors see how aid and funds are used, increasing accountability and trust in humanitarian operations. 

2. Stronger protection against system failure or data loss In centralized systems, a cyberattack, server crash, or technical failure can cause data loss. With decentralized file storage, data is spread across several nodes, meaning there is no single point of failure. This makes vital humanitarian records more resilient and always recoverable.

3. Better accountability in aid distribution processes NGOs can record each step of aid delivery, from donation receipt to final distribution. Since decentralized records cannot be tampered with, it becomes seamless to verify that aid reached the intended beneficiaries without unauthorized changes. 

4. Long-term preservation of humanitarian records Several NGO records need to be stored for years for reporting, audits, or historical reference. Decentralized systems like Arweave ensure permanent storage, while IPFS is ideal for temporary or flexible data that is actively updated or shared. 

5. Reduced risk of data manipulation or corruption When data is stored on decentralized networks, it is extremely difficult to change it without leaving a trace. This helps reduce external or internal tampering, enhancing the integrity of operational data and reports. 

6. Global and uninterrupted access to information Decentralized file storage permits authorized users from various regions or countries to access the same verified data without depending on a central server. This is particularly helpful for international NGOs working across multiple locations. 

7. Improved collaboration between partner organizations NGOs mostly work with donors, governments, and local partners. Decentralized file storage makes it effortless to share verified and consistent information across all stakeholders, reducing confusion and duplication of records. 

Step-by-Step: How to Build a Hybrid IPFS and Arweave System for NGO Aid Pipelines Below is a practical process on how to build this system:

1. Classify NGO data based on usage Begin by separating all data into two groups. The first group is operational data (IPFS). This includes beneficiary updates, internal notes, photos, videos, and ongoing project documents. The second group is permanent data (Arweave). This entails donation proofs, final audit reports, verified distribution records, and compliance documents. 

2. Store live and frequently updated data on IPFS Upload operational data to IPFS with a node or pinning service. Each file is assigned a Content Identifier (CID), which makes it available across the network. 

This is helpful for storing real-time aid-delivery information and for sharing updates between field teams. It is also useful for managing documents that might change over time. 

3. Move verified records to Arweave for permanent storage When the data is confirmed and validated, upload it to Arweave. This ensures the information is stored permanently and cannot be altered or deleted. 

Arweave generates a permanent transaction ID that functions as a long-term reference for every record.

This step is vital for final reports, verified aid distribution summaries, and financial transparency records. 

4. Link IPFS and Arweave records together  To maintain complete traceability, store IPFS CIDs inside Arweave records. This enhances transparency and makes auditing easier. 

5. Connect storage system to NGO dashboards or blockchain tools Incorporate both IPFS CIDs and Arweave transaction IDs into a blockchain system or central dashboard. This enables NGOs to track full data history and aid donors to verify aid activities. It also helps auditors to access permanent records easily. Smart contracts can also be used to automate reporting processes or verification.

Conclusion: How Decentralized File Storage Can Strengthen Transparency in NGO Aid Delivery Decentralized storage solutions such as IPFS and Arweave offer NGOs a more transparent and reliable way to manage aid-related data. By reducing dependence on centralized servers, organizations can improve data integrity, accessibility, and long-term record preservation.

A hybrid approach that combines IPFS for active data management and Arweave for permanent storage provides the flexibility needed for day-to-day operations while maintaining strong accountability standards. As NGOs continue to adopt digital tools, decentralized file storage is likely to play an increasingly important role in building trust and transparency across humanitarian aid systems.

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As data has become synonymous with “digital gold,” it’s no wonder the demand for access to real-time data is skyrocketing. On the same side, as Web 3 or decentralized technologies are emerging, the shortcomings of centralized services within the Web3 stack are being addressed. 

Streamr is among such decentralized projects that provide a real-time data infrastructure as it allows data to travel via a global peer-to-peer network that is scalable, robust, and permissionless. Streamr sets itself apart through the use of blockchain technology for data sharing. 

Streamr’s real-time data delivery system operates through the help of a P2P or a Peer-to-Peer network in a pub-sub fashion. Pub-sub or Publish-Subscribe is an asynchronous communication model that supports scalable and reliable communication. 

Similar to BitTorrent, Streamr is a network of nodes that can pipe messages to one another without intermediaries. However, the key difference between the two is that Streamr is for real-time data streams, whereas BitTorrent does not operate real-time data streams. 

Background of Streamr Launched in 2017, Streamr was launched by the founders of Streamr, who believed there needed to be a way to connect billions of devices with real-time data through the help of a decentralized network. 

The importance of real-time data must be addressed, particularly due to the growth of DePIN or Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks. This is because DePIN helps to move the work of large data centers to non-technical people around the globe, ultimately bringing in huge benefits, particularly of trust. 

DePIN is owned and operated by users, making it neither a public nor a private infrastructure. DePINs allow for building real-time data ecosystems, giving stakeholders the power to add value and additional services that help to support the ecosystem. 

At the same time, for the development of a decentralized future, real-time data is needed as this helps to power decentralized applications or dApps. DApps need external data to function, and if they remain dependent on the existing centralized data networks, dApps will eventually become liable to all the existing problems that are present in Web 2. 

These liabilities include user data being susceptible to cyber attacks, power remaining in the hands of a few, a complete lack of robustness, misuse of private data, monopolistic positions that cause inflated costs, and the risk of a single point of failure. 

These issues bring serious concerns to not only the development of decentralized applications but the entire decentralized internet or Web 3, where the promise is to give users more power over their data through decentralization. 

Development of StreamrWhile an ecosystem of decentralized P2P networks already exists, Streamr development takes a completely different approach, focusing on real-time data. Through the help of this real-time data, anyone can publish events on data streams, and anyone can subscribe to streams. 

First and foremost, Streamr is a P2P network that utilizes a Pub-sub messaging pattern, including one-to-many, many-to-many, or many-to-one streaming. This allows DePIN builders to build in a UP, ACROSS, or BROADCAST fashion, depending upon the different use cases.

For example, DIMO, which is an open and user-owned IoT network that uses Streamr, is built in a UP fashion from Miner to Network. With the help of DIMO, developers can easily access barometric pressure, temperatures, and other weather-related data in real-time. This gives developers who require weather data to power their applications an ideal solution.

In the future, DIMO plans to build in an ACROSS fashion, giving miners more flexibility to connect. This will help to ensure that DIMO’s data stream is completely decentralized and not owned or controlled by any centralized authority. 

Streamr 1.0, which is the final milestone in Streamr’s original 2017 roadmap, means when it is implemented, it will lead to the implementation of the network tokenomics, meaning the network is fully decentralized. Anyone can now set up an operator node, and delegators can now delegate their tokens to the operator node. 

The Network Tokenomics of $DATAWithin the Streamr Network, both data publishers and subscribers are Nodes in a P2P network. 

Nodes that are involved in a stream of data connect one another in a certain way, ultimately helping to form the stream’s topology through which the main function of Streamr Network can be performed. 

Therefore, every node that joins a stream does two things: it consumes the data and relays it onwards to other nodes interested in the stream. 

To incentivize good nodes who ensure data flows robustly and stably, the honest and stable nodes are paid, forming the basis of Streamr Network Tokenomics. Streamr tokenomics works similarly to the gas price of Ethereum. In Ethereum, users are constantly in a battle to incentivize miners to execute their transactions faster. 

On Streamr, users have to pay less or nothing at times if they are happy with the best-effort performance. They can also pay to incentivize nodes to make the stream more robust and secure. 

However, it is important to note that Streamr Network tokenomics is not based on buying more access to data on The Hub. On the Network, users pay for infrastructure costs for data delivery. On the application layer, users pay for access to data content. 

Users can use the Network for data delivery without using The Hub, similar to a person who can send and receive packages without ordering products or services from online stores. 

Streamr Stack The Streamr infrastructure consists of a tech stack that helps to connect and incentivize computers within a global peer-to-peer network. The entire stack is built on top of a decentralized transport layer, which helps to ensure resilience, fault tolerance, robustness, transparency, openness that comes with decentralization, and community building. 

To facilitate their goal, the Streamr stack offers the following multilayered technology stack:

Streamr HubThe Hub or Streamr Hub serves as an entry point for developers, helping them to create and connect with live streaming data. The Hub is a portal that leads directly into the Streamr Network and is a step forward towards a more consciously open data approach, all while ensuring it does not undermine any Web3 ethos. 

Other than DIMO, there are several other projects on the Hub. The first includes Polygon, in which Polygon Validators are sharing their validator node’s live metrics. The second includes EthWatch, which broadcasts the live stream of Ethereum and Polygon contract events. 

Other projects that are built using Streamr include Swash, Redstone, and Unbanks. In the DePIN space, they include MapMetrics, IoTeX, and Peaq Network apart from DIMO. 

As the demand for AI is growing, Streamr hub has 90% of the features of an AI marketplace. The smart contracts can be extended to allow users to publish prompts that can get access to the output of a pay-to-access remotely run model.  

In the end, the goal of the Streamr hub is to facilitate the discovery and the delivery of what type of data exists out there, give users a comprehensive toolkit for its creation along with its management, and make it simpler for the users to subscribe to a data stream of their choice. 

Streamr Network Streamr Network acts as the “transport layer” of the entire Streamr stack. The network handles all messaging in a decentralized data pipeline. This layer consists of primitives known as events & streams and broker nodes.

The Streamr Nodes operate on primitives, and the collection of broker nodes consists of a P2P network that handles the decentralized messaging. The infrastructure layer, on the other hand, uses the Ethereum stack for its operations as node coordination requires robust consensus, which the smart contract implements. 

Streamr network has multiple different parts, all of which play an important role in transporting data. These include: 

EventsAn event is a timestamped piece of information that contains headers and content. Headers provide the metadata of the vent, which includes its timestamp, content type, and origin. The content gives information on what format the content is in. Both are encoded in a binary format. 

StreamsAll of the events that occur are a part of the stream. They are grouped in a logically relatable manner and stored in an ascending order. The entire metadata is stored on Ethereum’s smart contract. Streams carry five different pieces of information, namely user ID, name, description, owner, and permissions. 

Publish-SubscribeThe data delivery in the Streamr network follows the publish-subscribe paradigm. Events that occur are promptly delivered to all those who are authorized and subscribed to the stream. This can be limited depending on what kind of access the user has. 

Partitioning (Sharding)To achieve scalability, not all the Streamr nodes handle all the traffic. This is because the event traffic within the whole network is divided into several independent parts called partitions. Each broker node handles traffic that belongs to a different set of partitions. 

Node CoordinationStreamr uses node coordination, which acts as a key coordinator for the assignment of network partitions to broker nodes in the network. Node coordination also helps to maintain changes when nodes appear and disappear. Streamr network uses its underlying Ethereum network to establish consensus for node coordination in the P2P network. 

IncentivizationStreamr incentivizes Operators (who act as the miners on Streamr) to do two things: report the checksums for their assigned partitions to the network and deliver the data to any smart contract subscribers. To incentivize, Streamr sends them $DATA. 

Event PersistenceFor Streamr to turn its entire network into a decentralized time series database, the events in data streams persist in the P2P network. The achieved decentralization allows the Streamr network to achieve greater robustness, fault tolerance, anonymity, and lower costs. 

Data ProvenanceTo ensure hackers do not manipulate data for their monetary advantage, the Streamr Network cryptographically signs a private key. This helps to attest to the data provenance and ensures that the events on the network always carry a signature that can be verified. 

Data ConfidentialityAs anyone can participate in the Streamr network by running a node, all of the event payloads of non-public streams in the Streamr network are encrypted. This encryption is done with the help of asymmetric key cryptography. Such an approach, combined with the help of encryption, brings safety. 

Streamr Smart ContractsWhile several Ethereum-based smart contracts support the Streamr Network and The Hub, the Streamr Network also uses its smart contracts. These smart contracts help to improve coordination, permissions, incentivization, and integrity checking. 

StreamThe Stream smart contract is the main smart contract that holds static information and carries the permissions for the stream. 

Stream RegistryThe stream registry contract holds important information about the known streams in the network. 

Network CoordinatorThe network coordinator contract assigns partitions to broker nodes. These Streamr Nodes register themselves with the coordinator and receive updates on the network state by looking at the smart contract. 

$DATALastly, in the Streamr stack is the $DATA token, which is a means of compensation between the data producers and consumers. It’s an ERC 20 token that ensures that the payments are handled securely. It also provides interoperability with different wallets and other tokens. $DATA has the following main jobs: 

Implement a monetization mechanism for data producers, which helps them act as a data vendor to step in wherever necessary and help the community grow to everyone’s benefit. 

$DATA is also an incentive for maintaining and operating a P2P network, as it takes resources, time, computing power, and communication bandwidth. Without such an incentive, Streamr Nodes will not participate, and the entire P2P network in which the real-time data runs will collapse. 

The primary application of $DATA includes when developers and subscribers pay for the data they want to get access to using $DATA. Additionally, data producers and the network participants are reimbursed for their participation with $DATA securely and automatically. Tokens can also be earned by running a particular node and then staking $DATA tokens on that node. 

Streamr reimburses staking awards through the help of a supply inflation process, which was decided through the help of the project’s governance. In Streamr 1.0, delegated staking was introduced, which allowed token holders to not only run a node but also stake their $DATA in return for a reward. 

Stream sponsorships are the final milestone of the Streamr project, as they bring the long-awaited incentive layer that fully activates the $DATA token economy. As streams operate an overlay of the network, stream Sponsorships attract new nodes to join the network. With the help of this, the Streamr network will become more robust from external attacks.

It will also help to prevent the data loss which is caused by node churn. When churn nodes consistently join and leave the stream, it adds instability to the topology, thereby leading to disruption in the message flow. 

In other words, through the help of Sponsorships, Streamr nodes will become bulletproof. 

Sponsorships work through the help of a smart contract that will release funds over time to operators who have joined them. Sponsors will fund sponsorships, as they will be the ones to create them by defining the terms of engagement. 

The smart contract will help to ensure the agreed terms are fulfilled, and then DATA tokens will be transferred. They must deliver on their promise to avoid losing their tokens. 

Operators and DelegatorsOperators are Streamr node runners. Operators can join or leave a sponsorship at any given time as long as they agree to the penalties while signing up. Delegators, on the other hand, are the passive liquidity providers for Operators. In return, they will earn revenue from well-performing operators. 

The lifecycle of the Stream sponsorship will comprise 5 different steps and is as follows: 

Firstly, a sponsorship smart contract will be created, which will describe all policies and parameters. Secondly, sponsors will pay DATA tokens on the agreed terms. Thirdly, operators will join sponsorship by staking on it. Fourth, Operators will join the sponsored stream network and relay data in the stream. 

In the last step, if or when the sponsorship runs low on tokens, they can either be “topped up” or the reward will be given based on the configured emission rate. This process will ensure sponsorship contracts act as a decentralized mechanism that helps to manage a stream of earnings distributed within different operators. 

Advantages over competitorsThe unique selling point of Streamr is that it provides a real-time data infrastructure of the decentralized web or Web 3, which already sets it apart from its competitors. There are several other advantages that Streamr brings, but other decentralized data storage projects are unable to do so. Some of these include: 

Ease of miningUnlike Filecoin, which is one of Streamr’s primary competitors, users have an ease of mining and become a part of the network. In the case of Filecoin, users have to purchase expensive hardware. In addition, users also need to have some experience in systems deployment and administration, which makes it extremely difficult for non-technical people to enter.

In the case of Streamr, the barrier to entry is kept as minimum as possible as the project believes that’s the only way for the blockchain ecosystem to grow. 

Fair token distributionThere’s an ever-existing fear of FIL, which is the native token of the Filecoin network to be dumped by its advisors. This is because, at the time of the launch, almost half of FIL supply was given to the advisors at half its existing price. In fact, Filecoin community members alleged 2020 token dumping when an unknown account received 1.5 million FIL tokens. 

Meanwhile, Streamr has ensured the supply of its $DATA is done reasonably. 

Non-DiscriminativeAnother key area that helps Streamr set itself apart from other projects is that it maintains a neutral stance on data and content. 

On the other hand, Arweave has a Democratic Content Policy, which creates a potential conflict as network nodes have the power to issue a blacklist against certain data types, thus hindering the idea of an “open economy.” 

Emphasis on adequate user interfaces & appropriate informationStreamr has a major focus on developer user interfaces that are much easier to use and are targeted toward people who have a relatively less technical background. Siacoin, which is one of its main competitors, has yet to offer adequate user interfaces. 

A similar issue is also present with Arweave, where the project developers are unable to provide in-depth information that can help developers when they are building on their stack. What Streamr offers is unique as it provides in-depth, dense knowledge in a relatively easy-to-navigate manner to ensure developers do not face any issues. 

Analysis of StreamrThe importance of data, especially one that runs in a combination of a real-time data market and the data pipeline, all while remaining decentralized, is transformative for the entire Web3, particularly because this gives a decentralized ecosystem exposure to data that has never existed before all while remaining true to decentralization. 

Streamr maintains its tech stack layered and modular to allow non-tech individuals to participate in the network in one capacity or another. 

It also hosts a publish-subscribe mechanism, which is a framework for exchanging messages between publishers and is widely used in Web2 due to its reliability. Streamr uses the same framework while making it decentralized, spread across different nodes rather than concentrated in one area, similar to centralized technologies. 

To ensure transactions are scalable, with minimum latency, Streamr divides its throughput scales linearly. This allows the network not just to scale but also to process millions of events per second. 

Streamr also allows users to sell their data directly, which gives them the power to monetize their data, all while knowing which companies and industries are using their data. Through the help of this transparency, users will be empowered, unlike in a centralized system where power is monopolized. 

Anyone who owns a personal computer or a laptop can become part of the Streamr network by becoming a node operator and earning yield on staked tokens. 

Emerging use cases of StreamrProving its versatility and adaptability, Streamr has the potential to revolutionize different industries and applications. Some of the emerging use cases of Streamr include:

[1] Video StreamingTraditional streaming services often need help with bandwidth limitations and central server outrages. Streamr’s P2P network can help distribute video content more efficiently by reducing latency as stream viewers become P2P distribution nodes as they consume the stream. This will help to improve the user experience. 

[2] Decentralized AIStreamr helps to provide a strong infrastructure for real-time data collection and distribution. This is critical for training AI models, ultimately ensuring that AI systems can function without the hurdles present within centralized data servers. This helps to enable more efficient and scalable AI solutions. 

The Streamr developer community has already developed the next generation of AI technologies. Some of these AI technologies include the Streamr node AI plugin, AI video distribution, LLM routing, AI chat, Verifiable AI, AI Audits, and AI data crowdsourcing. 

As the need for decentralized data exchanges has become more apparent, Streamr can provide help to the entire Metaverse ecosystem. This can be done by providing a foundation for real-time data transmission that will enhance the interactivity and responsiveness of the virtual metaverse worlds. 

[4] Web 3 GamingAs the importance of real-time data exchange and decentralized infrastructures is maintained in the fast-growing world of Web 3 gaming, Streamr provides a strong solution. It offers a platform where game developers can build decentralized gaming experiences with real-time player interactions and data exchanges. 

[5] dApp MessagingDecentralized applications (dApps) at times rely on centralized servers for messaging, which leads towards a contradiction of Web 3 ethos. Streamr brings a solution as it can provide a decentralized messaging platform that enables dApps to embrace decentralization. 

Final Thoughts Decentralization is a much-awaited answer that users are looking for due to their declining trust in large corporations. With data becoming an integral part of our day-to-day lives, it is only necessary to ensure it does not become monopolized in the same manner as that of several other industries. 

Projects like Streamr bring an important answer to the problem, giving users the utmost possession and freedom over their data. Streamr allows users to access data in real-time, which empowers the existing infrastructure by allowing it to become more decentralized. 

Streamr is bringing this power transfer to individuals, all while improving user privacy, resilience, fault tolerance, and efficiency. This will help the future of the internet to become more connected and decentralized, with the users having more freedom over their data and power over important decisions.

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